The content approach focuses on the assumption that individuals. An attempt is made in this chapter to bring a theoretical base for motivation. Each of these theories explains characteristics of a work environment that motivates employees. Simply put, motivation is discovering and applying whatever is needed to get the employee to carry out designated activities in specified ways. Motivation is the result of the interaction between an individual and a situation. The need for love, friendship, and family is considered to be a fundamental human motivation. In general, process based theories take the mental processes of employees into account as a way to understand their motivation. It is important to design motivation programs to satisfy the changing needs.
Not one process fits all individuals, and leaders and administrators in the public sector should look to use content theories as a way of identifying what makes individuals tick, and subsequently look to process theories as a way of beginning a way to motivate them. Whereas the content theories concentrate on the question of what motivates, the process theories address more the issues relating to how the process works and sustains itself over time, such as factors that determine the degree of effort, the continuation of effort, the modification of effort, etc. Need based theories describe motivated behavior as individual efforts to meet needs. Motivated employees are the cornerstone of small businesses. Needsbased motivation theories stem from the understanding that all motivation comes from an individuals desire to fulfill or achieve a need. Among the needbased approaches to motivation, david mcclellands acquiredneeds theory is the one that has received the greatest amount of support. Oct 16, 2015 the process of motivation starts with the need which may be the perception of deficiency in an individual. Maintaining this equity, said adams, is based on the ratio of inputs. Some studies have found that david mcclellands acquired needs theory can predict success in management. Process theories attempt to identify the relationship among the dynamic variables.
Therefore, the managers should understand the process of motivation. Maslows hierarchy of needs, alderfers erg theory, herzbergs twofactor theory, and mcclellands acquiredneeds theory. In essence, these theories examine how a persons needs will affect his behavior in order to achieve a goal related to those needs. Explain how erg theory addresses the limitations of maslows hierarchy.
The process theories on the other hand explore how behavior is caused, sustained or stopped by the motivational factors. Process theories of motivation are about a cognitive rational process and concentrate on the psychological and behavioural processes that motivate an individual. Motivation is the study of the reasons behind peoples behavior. Individuals analyze their environment, develop reactions and feelings, and react in certain ways. Processrelated theories explain how motivation evolves and is. Compare and contrast the need theories and the process. People who have a strong need to be successful have a high need for achievement. Instead, process based theories view motivation as a rational process.
This theory highlights that motivation is partly a decisionmaking process that evaluates. The employee compares his input and output to colleagues, someone at another firm, or a cousin in another state. Chapter 5 contemporary theories of motivation integrating. These theories paved the way to processbased theories that explain the.
Instead, processbased theories view motivation as a rational process. Brief motivation is the basic psychological process. Skinners reinforcement theory, victor vrooms expectancy theory, adams equity theory and lockes goal setting theory figure 1. Process theories place emphasis on the actual process of. Processbased theories of motivation principles of management. Oct 26, 2014 difference between content theory and process theory is that, content theory emphasizes on the reasons for changing the human needs frequently while process theory focuses on the psychological processes which affect motivation, with regard to the expectations, goals, and perceptions of equity. Maslows hierarchy categorizes human needs into physiological, safety, social, esteem. Process related theories explain how motivation evolves and is.
The distinction between content and process theories. Differences between need and process theories of motivation. Process theories of motivation organizational behavior. This also states that human beings are motivated by unsatisfied needs, and typically certain lower needs must be satisfied before higher needs can be satisfied. Note that the value attached to an input is based on our perception of its. The works of skinner are cited most often in connection with the reinforcement theory. The process theories mainly imply that individual choices are based on preferences, reward factors and sense of accomplishment. Content theories of motivation are one of the types of motivation theory. Put simply, this is all about how peoples needs influence and drive their behaviour. Thus, motivation is the act or process of providing a motive that causes a person to take some action. Maslows hierarchy of needs must be one of the best known motivation theories in the world. Among the needbased approaches to motivation, douglas mcclellands acquired needs theory is the one that has received the greatest amount of support. Earlier, it was discussed that theories of motivation, dealing with content, seek to find what it is that. Let us explore the different process theories by significant theorist like vrooms expectancy and adams equity theories.
Equity theory is based on perception, and its relationship. Difference between content theory and process theory. On a smaller applied scale, treatments, training, compensation, and selection all depend on our theories of human behavior. In other words, it explains how an employees behaviour is initiated, redirected, and halted. Needbased theories of motivation business libretexts. We have appreciated earlier the importance of motivation in determining human behaviour. In this chapter, content and processrelated theories of work motivation are described and discussed. A separate stream of research views motivation as something more than action aimed at satisfying a need. Process theories attempt to identify the relationship among the dynamic variables, which make up motivation. Process theories of motivation how personal needs drive.
Note that managers have another alternative, known as nonreinforcement, in which they. Outline the motivation process describe maslows need hierarchy contrast theory x and theory y. We will use here a modified version of this classification. Reinforcement theory expectancy theory equity theory goal setting maslows hierarchy of needs physiological esteem social safety selfactualization alderfers erg theory adaptation of maslows work three needs existence, relatedness more than one need may be operative at the same time. Describe the differences among factors contributing to employee motivation and how.
Many people equate the causes of behavior with motivation. Content and process theories of motivation free essays. These needs are the need for achievement, the need for affiliation, and the need for power. Jul 09, 2017 the process theories mainly imply that individual choices are based on preferences, reward factors and sense of accomplishment. Needbased theories of motivation 2012 book archive. In essence, these theories examine how a persons needs will affect his. A high need for achievement results in a high level of satisfaction when that person completes projects on time, closes sales with prospects, or drives new.
Process theories of motivation cooper oban university of central florida. How motivation comes about and how it leads to satisfaction is explained by process theories. It states to reward the individual in case of performance and give punishments in case of nonperformance. Motivation process is universal, all people are motivated to pursue goals they value. China, taiwan, and india are introducing incentivebased motivation programs to boost morale and employee productivity. Needs based motivation theories stem from the understanding that all motivation comes from an individuals desire to fulfill or achieve a need. Needs based theory of motivation involves employees need for things like job security, safe working conditions, room for advancement and good relationships with management and coworkers. Theories of motivation and their application in organizations. Describe the difference between factors contributing to employee motivation and how. Well define motivation as the willingness to exert high levels of effort toward organizational goals, conditioned by the efforts ability to satisfy some individual need. The employee compares his input and output to colleagues, someone at another. Process theories of motivation stars university of. There is no universally accepted theory of motivation.
Individuals analyze their environment, develop thoughts and feelings, and react in certain ways. The need for achievement, affiliation, and power all operate in combination and are the result of a persons life experiences. In most cases motivation comes from some need that leads to behavior that results in some type of. Maslow is a good starting point to start examining the different m otivation theories.
Concepts definition the content and process theories of motivation provide human resource managers with the basic understanding of personal needs deficiencies, and how these needs can be transformed into motivated behavior. In this section we will look at four main theories about how human needs are satisfied. Needs can keep changing based on peoples experiences and other factors. In general, processbased theories take the mental processes of employees into account as a way to understand their motivation. Each theoretical explanation can serve as the basis for the development of techniques. For example, an employee in the organization considers the need for higher pay, more challenging work, for time off etc. Process theories of motivation try to explain why behaviors are initiated. According to maslows hierarchy of human needs, people are motivated by five basic needs. People need to see what is in it for them and to sense that fair play is being exercised to all. Needsbased theories of motivation principles of management. Since the need hierarchy theory of abraham maslow is being the core of study, this. In the field of organizational behavioral studies, there are two different categories called content theories also known as need theory and process theories.
Causes of behavior are much broader and more complex than can be explained by. In contrast to the need based theories we have covered so far, process based theories view motivation as a rational process. Values are incentives or reasons for engaging in an activity. Process theories of motivation linkedin slideshare. These theories are typically used in a workplace context and there are several theories that examine how employees within an organization can be motivated. This model of motivation although based on the expectancy theory. Needs theories attempt to identify internal factors that motivate an individuals behavior and are based on the premise that people are motivated by unfulfilled needs. Simply stated, employees have needs, and process theories seek to deliver these. Vrooms study in the process motivation theories, highlight conscious choices, i. Jun 18, 2019 the type of need that is dominant will drive behavior. Motivation is a process that starts with a physiological or psychological need that.
In this chapter, content and process related theories of work motivation are described and discussed. Content theories these theories are concerned with identifying peoples needs and. They need to believe that they possess the necessary ability and skill to achieve the given goal. The theory says motivation depends on a comparison to others, called a referent. Pub type information analyses 070 reports general 140 edrs price mf01pc01 plus postage. While they approach the issue differently, they are both concerned with the same ultimate goal of inspiring employees for better performance. The message for managers is that employees need to be seen to be rewarded on. These theories paved the way to processbased theories that explain the mental calculations employees make to decide how to behave. Need based and cognitive based theories are among important motivation theories. The type of need that is dominant will drive behavior. In contrast to the needbased theories we have covered so far, processbased theories view motivation as a rational process. The psychological and behavioral processes that motivate a person to act in a particular way are referred to as process theories of motivation. Content and process theories of motivation quizlet.
According to this theory, individuals acquire three types of needs as a result of their life experiences. We can also have process theories, which are concerned with the thought processes that influence our behaviour. These needs influence the thought processes of employee that directs him to satisfy the needs by adopting a particular. Motivational theories a critical analysis 67 efforttoperformance expectancy is the starting point in the implementation of the expectancy theory.
Process theories place emphasis on the actual process of motivation. Motivation is the process that account for an individuals intensity, direction and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal. These theories are more concerned with how behavior is initiated, directed and sustained. Needbased theories of motivation linkedin slideshare. When we have achieved a sense of belonging, our need for esteemthe desire to be respected by ones peers, feel important, and be appreciatedbecomes more salient. The most stable and therefore the healthiest selfesteem is based on respect from others. A classic taxonomy of motivation theories is to group them into two main sets. We can distinguish between contentand processmotivation theories. Needbased theories of motivation individuals efforts to meet their needs motivated primarily by deficiencies on one or more important needs or need categories content theories they deal with the content or substance of what motivates behavior 2. The process of motivation starts with the need which may be the perception of deficiency in an individual. No single motivation theory explains all aspects of peoples motives or lack of motives. None would deny that it is the most important process in the more micro approach toorganizationalbehavior. Based on these aspects, there are three types of theories of motivation. These needs are need for achievement, need for affiliation, and need for power.